Покраска батарей своими руками: подготовка, технология, краска

Во время ремонта, после установки, а также по причине потери желаемого цвета, частичных сколов, батареи требуется красить. Зачастую радиаторы перекрашивают, если цвет не устроил, хочется создать единый стиль в помещении. Причиной покраски могут стать незначительные царапины, сколы, которые нередко остаются после установки батареи.

Прежде чем приступать к окрашиванию, следует внимательно рассмотреть все его нюансы. Тогда отличный результат гарантирован. Если возник вопрос «как покрасить батареи отопления?», стоит учесть все важные моменты данного процесса.

Подготовка батарей к окраске

Заметную роль играет подготовка радиаторов к окрашиванию. Для начала следует определить, насколько загрязнена батарея, тщательно очистить её. От загрязнений избавляются тряпочкой, ершиком, эффективен пульверизатор. Даже если радиатор новый, его всё равно необходимо обезжирить, обработать наждачной бумагой, предварительно очистив от пыли. Краска растрескается, частично начнёт откалываться, быстро потеряет целостность слоя в случае нанесения на неподготовленную поверхность.

Чтобы отлично очистить батареи отопления, нужно снять старый слой краски, полностью избавиться от грунта. В особом внимании нуждаются участки, затронутые ржавчиной. Их важно обработать до металла.

Видео: снятие старой краски с чугунной батареи

Инструменты и материалы для покраски радиаторов

Большое значение имеют инструменты, составы, применяемые при подготовке радиатора. Специальная щётка, насаживаемая на дрель, обеспечит оптимальную обработку батареи. Смывочные растворы тоже действуют эффективно: их хорошо наносить на всю сухую поверхность радиатора малярной кистью, а после этого укутать его плёнкой. Краска размягчится и удалится легко уже через час, можно даже не применять дрель – достаточно обычного шпателя. Преимущество специальных смывок в их безвредности для металла, они разрушают только слои краски.

После того, как от старой краски не осталось следов, поверхность нужно обработать наждаком, обязательно обезжирить. Для этого подойдёт любой слабощелочной раствор, уайт-спирит. На заключительном этапе подготовки на радиатор наносят слой антикоррозийной грунтовки. После выполнения всех этих действий, можно быть уверенным: поверхность готова, краска превосходно с ней сцепится, будет надёжно и долго держаться.

Выбор идеальной краски для батарей

Важно определить, какой краской лучше преображать радиаторы. Существует ряд требований, которым непременно должна соответствовать краска, наносимая на батареи. Не ниже ста градусов необходима термостойкость краски, также нужна устойчивость к истиранию, нетоксичность, поскольку батареи регулярно чистят, а сам радиатор нагревается. Наибольшей термостойкостью отличается краска, содержащая металлическую пудру вместо окрашивающих пигментов.

В продаже имеются специальные краски для радиаторов, многие пользуются эмалями на водной основе, термостойкими лаками. Выбранная краска обязательно должна быть предназначена для покрытия металла, соответствовать грунтовке. Хорошие составы долговечны, не меняют цвет, способны сами защитить от коррозии.

Глянцевый блеск, стойкость цвета на длительное время обеспечены с акриловыми эмалями на органических растворителях. Но они довольно резко пахнут при нанесении. Быстро высохнут водно-дисперсионные краски, но их важно подобрать тщательно, выбрав специальные типы. После окрашивания алкидными эмалями гарантирована однородность покрытия, оно будет прочным и стойким к воздействиям. Однако запах может наблюдаться не только в процессе покраски, но и некоторое время спустя после высыхания, выделяясь от нагревания.

Выбор цвета

Решение, в какой цвет лучше покрасить радиаторы, принимать хозяевам. Сейчас доступен широкий спектр средств, разнообразных составов. Классическими принято считать белые эмали, серебрянку. Некоторые выбирают цвета в соответствии с интерьером, освещением, общим стилем квартиры и особенностями дизайна. Необычно выглядят золотые и бронзовые оттенки, тонкие узоры, рисунки.

Если вид ваших старых радиаторов уже не радует Вас, то можно попробовать вдохнуть в них новую жизнь при помощи экспериментов

Рекомендации по покраске

• Качество покраски чугунных батарей также во многом зависит от того, насколько хорошо они подготовлены. В качестве инструмента для нанесения краски оптимально подойдёт гладкий валик из поролона, небольшого диаметра, а в труднодоступных местах пригодится кисть. Чтобы решить для себя, как красить наиболее удобно, стоит задуматься о снятии батарей. Отделённый от труб радиатор можно покрыть составом со всех сторон, таким образом малодоступных мест станет значительно меньше. При этом такой способ не всегда оправдывает себя, иногда проще тщательнее прокрасить батарею, не тратя время на её снимание. Всё зависит от конкретных обстоятельств, формы радиатора.
• Очень важным фактором является температура окрашиваемой поверхности: радиатор обязательно должен быть холодным. На вопрос «можно ли красить горячие батареи?» любой специалист ответит однозначно: этого делать нельзя. Самым удобным моментом становится то время, когда не идёт сезон отопления. Но и начало отопительного периода не будет помехой, если перекрыть на батареях вентили, прекратив доступ кипятка. Достаточно дождаться их полного остывания, чтобы начать покраску. В случае нанесения краски на горячий радиатор, она ляжет неровно, вспучится, наверняка образуются разные пятна и разводы. Причём подключать отопление можно лишь при полном высыхании краски.

ВНИМАНИЕ: ни в коем случае не красьте горячие батареи!

• Покраска радиаторов и труб отопления требует тщательности и аккуратности. Применять хорошо кисти, небольшие валики, баллончики. Из краскопульта оптимально обрабатывать предварительно снятую батарею, тогда все труднодоступные участки окажутся превосходно прокрашенными. Именно с тех мест, которые наименее доступны, следует начинать окрашивание. Важно соблюдать равномерную толщину слоя, иначе цвет может в дальнейшем отличаться на разных участках.
• Красить рекомендуется начинать сверху, тогда случайные потёки не испортят нижнюю часть. Покрывать составом нужно батарею целиком, не ограничиваясь её передней частью. Наносить краску эффективнее в два тонких слоя, причём дожидаться полного высыхания первого, перед повторной покраской. Тогда не будет потёков, и идеальной ровности проще добиться с тонкими слоями.

Видео: мастер-класс по окраске радиаторов отопления

Учитывая все тонкости покраски, батареям можно придать замечательный вид, который они сохранят на долгие годы.

Видео: элементарная, но эффектная покраска батарей

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A team of researchers, however, has developed a rectenna (radio wave harvesting antenna) that is only several atoms think, making it incredibly flexible. 90003 90002 The idea is that devices can incorporate this molybdenum disulphide-based rectenna so that AC power can be harvested from Wi-Fi in the air and converted to DC, either to recharge a battery or power a device directly.That could see powered medical pills without the need for an internal battery (safer for the patient), or mobile devices that do not need to be connected to a power supply to recharge. 90003 90040 Energy harvested from the device owner 90041 90002 You could be the source of power for your next device, if research into TENGs comes to fruition. A TENG — or triboelectric nanogenerator — is a power harvesting technology which captures the electric current generated through contact of two materials.90003 90002 A research team at Surrey’s Advanced Technology Institute and the University of Surrey have given an insight into how this technology might be put into place to power things like wearable devices. While we’re some way from seeing it in action, the research should give designers the tools they need to effectively understand and optimise future TENG implementation. 90003 90040 Gold nanowire batteries 90041 90002 Great minds over at the University of California Irvine have cracked nanowire batteries that can withstand plenty of recharging.The result could be future batteries that do not die. 90003 90002 Nanowires, a thousand times thinner than a human hair, pose a great possibility for future batteries. But they’ve always broken down when recharging. This discovery uses gold nanowires in a gel electrolyte to avoid that. 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The solid-state unit should also be able to work in as low as minus 30 degrees Celsius and up to one hundred.90003 90002 The electrolyte materials still pose challenges so do not expect to see these in cars soon, but it’s a step in the right direction towards safer, faster-charging batteries. 90003 90040 Grabat graphene batteries 90041 90002 Graphene batteries have the potential to be one of the most superior available. Grabat has developed graphene batteries that could offer electric cars a driving range of up to 500 miles on a charge. 90003 90002 Graphenano, the company behind the development, says the batteries can be charged to full in just a few minutes and can charge and discharge 33 times faster than lithium ion.Discharge is also crucial for things like cars that want vast amounts of power in order to pull away quickly. 90003 90002 There’s no word on if Grabat batteries are currently being used in any products, but the company has batteries available for cars, drones, bikes and even the home. 90003 90040 Laser-made micro supercapacitors 90041 Rice Univeristy 90002 Scientists at Rice University have made a breakthrough in micro-supercapacitors. Currently, they are expensive to make but using lasers that could soon change.90003 90002 By using lasers to burn electrode patterns into sheets of plastic manufacturing costs and effort drop massively. The result is a battery that can charge 50 times faster than current batteries and discharge even slower than current supercapacitors. They’re even tough, able to work after being bent over 10,000 times in testing. 90003 90040 Foam batteries 90041 90002 Prieto believes the future of batteries is 3D. The company has managed to crack this with its battery that uses a copper foam substrate.90003 90002 This means these batteries will not only be safer, thanks to no flammable electrolyte, but they will also offer longer life, faster charging, five times higher density, be cheaper to make and be smaller than current offerings. 90003 90002 Prieto aims to place its batteries into small items first, like wearables. But it says the batteries can be upscaled so we could see them in phones and maybe even cars in the future. 90003 Carphone Warehouse 90040 Foldable battery is paper-like but tough 90041 90002 The Jenax J.Flex battery has been developed to make bendable gadgets possible. The paper-like battery can fold and is waterproof meaning it can be integrated into clothing and wearables. 90003 90002 The battery has already been created and has even been safety tested, including being folded over 200,000 times without losing performance. 90003 Nick Bilton / The New York Times 90040 uBeam over the air charging 90041 90002 uBeam uses ultrasound to transmit electricity. Power is turned into sound waves, inaudible to humans and animals, which are transmitted and then converted back to power upon reaching the device.90003 90002 The uBeam concept was stumbled upon by 25-year-old astrobiology graduate Meredith Perry. She started the company that will make it possible to charge gadgets over the air using a 5mm thick plate. These transmitters can be attached to walls, or made into decorative art, to beam power to smartphones and laptops. The gadgets just need a thin receiver in order to receive the charge. 90003 StoreDot 90040 StoreDot charges mobiles in 30 seconds 90041 90002 StoreDot, a start-up born from the nanotechnology department at Tel Aviv University, has developed the StoreDot charger.It works with current smartphones and uses biological semiconductors made from naturally occurring organic compounds known as peptides — short chains of amino acids — which are the building blocks of proteins. 90003 90002 The result is a charger that can recharge smartphones in 60 seconds. The battery comprises «non-flammable organic compounds encased in a multi-layer safety-protection structure that prevents over-voltage and heating», so there should be no issues with it exploding. 90003 90002 The company has also revealed plans to build a battery for electric vehicles that charges in five minutes and offers a range of 300 miles.90003 90002 There’s no word on when StoreDot batteries will be available on a global scale — we were expecting them to arrive in 2017 — but when they do we expect them to become incredibly popular. 90003 Pocket-lint 90040 Transparent solar charger 90041 90002 Alcatel has demoed a mobile phone with a transparent solar panel over the screen that would let users charge their phone by simply placing it in the sun. 90003 90002 Although it’s not likely to be commercially available for some time, the company hopes that it will go some way to solving the daily issues of never having enough battery power.The phone will work with direct sunlight as well as standard lights, in the same way regular solar panels. 90003 Phienergy 90040 Aluminium-air battery gives 1,100 mile drive on a charge 90041 90002 A car has managed to drive 1,100 miles on a single battery charge. The secret to this super range is a type of battery technology called aluminium-air that uses oxygen from the air to fill its cathode. This makes it far lighter than liquid filled lithium-ion batteries to give car a far greater range.90003 Bristol Robotics Laboratory 90040 Urine powered batteries 90041 90002 The Bill Gates Foundation is funding further research by Bristol Robotic Laboratory who discovered batteries that can be powered by urine. It’s efficient enough to charge a smartphone which the scientists have already shown off. But how does it work? 90003 90002 Using a Microbial Fuel Cell, micro-organisms take the urine, break it down and output electricity. 90003 90040 Sound powered 90041 90002 Researchers in the UK have built a phone that is able to charge using ambient sound in the atmosphere around it.90003 90002 The smartphone was built using a principle called the piezoelectric effect. Nanogenerators were created that harvest ambient noise and convert it into electric current. 90003 90002 The nanorods even respond to the human voice, meaning chatty mobile users could actually power their own phone while they talk. 90003 90040 Twenty times faster charge, Ryden dual carbon battery 90041 90002 Power Japan Plus has already announced this new battery technology called Ryden dual carbon. Not only will it last longer and charge faster than lithium but it can be made using the same factories where lithium batteries are built.90003 90002 The batteries use carbon materials which mean they are more sustainable and environmentally friendly than current alternatives. It also means the batteries will charge twenty times faster than lithium ion. They will also be more durable, with the ability to last up to 3,000 charge cycles, plus they are safer with lower chance of fire or explosion. 90003 90040 Sodium-ion batteries 90041 90002 Scientists in Japan are working on new types of batteries that do not need lithium like your smartphone battery.These new batteries will use sodium, one of the most common materials on the planet rather than rare lithium — and they’ll be up to seven times more efficient than conventional batteries. 90003 90002 Research into sodium-ion batteries has been going on since the eighties in an attempt to find a cheaper alternative to lithium. By using salt, the sixth most common element on the planet, batteries can be made much cheaper. Commercialising the batteries is expected to begin for smartphones, cars and more in the next five to 10 years.90003 Upp 90040 Upp hydrogen fuel cell charger 90041 90002 The Upp hydrogen fuel cell portable charger is available now. It uses hydrogen to power your phone keeping you off the gird and remaining environmentally friendly. 90003 90002 One hydrogen cell will provide five full charges of a mobile phone (25Wh capacity per cell). And the only by-product produced is water vapour. A USB type A socket means it will charge most USB devices with a 5V, 5W, 1000mA output. 90003 90040 Batteries with built-in fire extinguisher 90041 90002 It’s not uncommon for lithium-ion batteries to overheat, catch on fire and possibly even explode.The battery in the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 is a prime example. Researchers at Stanford university have come up with lithium-ion batteries with built-in fire extinguishers. 90003 90002 The battery has a component called triphenyl phosphate, which is commonly used as a flame retardant in electronics, added to the plastic fibres to help keep the positive and negative electrodes apart. If the battery’s temperature rises above 150 degrees C, the plastic fibres melt and the triphenyl phosphate chemical is released.Research shows this new method can stop batteries from catching fire in 0.4 seconds. 90003 Mike Zimmerman 90040 Batteries that are safe from explosion 90041 90002 Lithium-ion batteries have a rather volatile liquid electrolyte porous material layer sandwiched between the anode and cathode layers. Mike Zimmerman, a researcher at Tufts University in Massachusetts, has developed a battery that has double the capacity of lithium-ion ones, but without the inherent dangers. 90003 90002 Zimmerman’s battery is incredibly thin, being slightly thicker than two credit cards, and swaps out the electrolyte liquid with a plastic film that has similar properties.It can withstand being pierced, shredded, and can be exposed to heat as it’s not flammable. There’s still a lot of research to be done before the technology could make it to market, but it’s good to know safer options are out there. 90003 90040 Liquid Flow batteries 90041 90002 Harvard scientists have developed a battery that stores its energy in organic molecules dissolved in neutral pH water. The researchers say this new method will let the Flow battery last an exceptionally long time compared to the current lithium-ion batteries.90003 90002 It’s unlikely we’ll see the technology in smartphones and the like, as the liquid solution associated with Flow batteries is stored in large tanks, the larger the better. It’s thought they could be an ideal way to store energy created by renewable energy solutions such as wind and solar. 90003 90002 Indeed, research from Stanford University has used liquid metal in a flow battery with potentially great results, claiming double the voltage of conventional flow batteries. The team has suggested this might be a great way to store intermittent energy sources, like wind or solar, for rapid release to the grid on demand.90003 90002 IBM and ETH Zurich and have developed a much smaller liquid flow battery that could potentially be used in mobile devices. This new battery claims to be able to not only supply power to components, but cool them at the same time. The two companies have discovered two liquids that are up to the task, and will be used in a system that can produce 1.4 Watts of power per square cm, with 1 Watt of power reserved for powering the battery. 90003 90040 Zap & Go Carbon-ion battery 90041 90002 Oxford-based company ZapGo has developed and produced the first carbon-ion battery that’s ready for consumer use now.A carbon-ion battery combines the superfast charging capabilities of a supercapacitor, with the performance of a Lithium-ion battery, all while being completely recyclable. 90003 90002 The company has a powerbank charger that be fully charged in five minutes, and will then charge a smartphone up to full in two hours. 90003 90040 Zinc-air batteries 90041 90002 Scientists at Sydney University believe they’ve come up with a way of manufacturing zinc-air batteries for much cheaper than current methods.Zinc-air batteries can be considered superior to lithium-ion, because they do not catch fire. The only problem is they rely on expensive components to work. 90003 90002 Sydney Uni has managed to create a zinc-air battery without the need for the expensive components, but rather some cheaper alternatives. Safer, cheaper batteries could be on their way! 90003 90040 Smart clothing 90041 90002 Researchers at the University of Surrey are developing a way of you being able to use your clothing as a source of power.The battery is called a Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs), which converts movement into stored energy. The stored electricity can then be used to power mobile phones or devices such as Fitbit fitness trackers. 90003 90002 The technology could be applied to more than just clothing too, it could be integrated into the pavement, so when people constantly walk over it, it can store electricity which can then be used to power streelamps, or in a car’s tyre so it can power a car. 90003 90040 Stretchable batteries 90041 90002 Engineers at the University of California in San Diego have developed a stretchable biofuel cell that can generate electricity from sweat.The energy generated is said to be enough to power LEDs and Bluetooth radios, meaning it could one day power wearable devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers. 90003 90040 Samsung’s graphene battery 90041 90002 Samsung has managed to develop «graphene balls» that are capable of boosting the capacity of its current lithium-ion batteries by 45 per cent, and and recharging five times faster than current batteries. To put that into context, Samsung says its new graphene-based battery can be recharged fully in 12 minutes, compared to roughly an hour for the current unit.90003 90002 Samsung also says it has uses beyond smartphones, saying it could be used for electric vehicles as it can withstand temperatures up to 60 degrees Celsius. 90003 90040 Safer, faster charging of current Lithium-ion batteries 90041 90002 Scientists at WMG at the University of Warwick have developed a new technology that allows current Lithium-ion batteries to be charged up to five times faster that current recommended limits. The technology constantly measures a battery’s temperature far more precisely than current methods.90003 90002 Scientists have found that current batteries can in fact be pushed beyond their recommended limits without affecting performance or overheating. Maybe we do not need any of the other new batteries mentioned at all! 90003 .90000 How Heat and Loading affect Battery Life 90001 90002 90003 Learn about the temperature and how start-stop shortens the life of a starter battery. 90004 90005 90002 Heat is a killer of all batteries, but high temperatures can not always be avoided. This is the case with a battery inside a laptop, a starter battery under the hood of a car and stationary batteries in a tin shelter under the hot sun. As a guideline, each 8 ° C (15 ° F) rise in temperature cuts the life of a sealed lead acid battery in half.This means that a VRLA battery for stationary applications specified to last for 10 years at 25 ° C (77 ° F) would only live 5 years if continuously exposed to 33 ° C (92 ° F) and 30 months if kept at a constant desert temperature of 41 ° C (106 ° F). Once the battery is damaged by heat, the capacity can not be restored. 90005 90002 According to the 2010 BCI Failure Mode Study, starter batteries have become more heat-resistant. In the 2000 study, a rise in temperature of 7 ° C (12 ° F) affected battery life by roughly one year; in 2010 the heat tolerance has been widened to 12 ° C (22 ° F).Other statistics reveal that in 1962 a starter battery lasted 34 months; technical improvements increased the life expectancy in 2000 to 41 months. In 2010 BCI reported an average age of 55 months for starter batteries, with the cooler North attaining 59 months and the warmer South 47 months. Colloquial evidence in 2015 revealed that a battery kept in the trunk of a car lasted one year longer than if positioned in the engine compartment. 90005 90002 The life of a battery also depends on the activity, and the service life is shortened if the battery is stressed with frequent discharge.Cranking the engine a few times a day poses little stress on a starter battery, but this changes in the start-stop operation of a micro-hybrid. The micro-hybrid turns the internal combustion engine (ICE) off at red traffic lights and restarts it when the traffic flows again, resulting in about 2,000 micro-cycles per year. Data obtained from car manufacturers shows a capacity drop to about 60 percent after 2 years of use. To increase cycle life, automakers use specialty AGM and other systems. (See BU-211: Alternate Battery Systems.) 90005 90002 Figure 1 shows a capacity drop from 100 percent to about 50 percent after the battery had been exposed to 700 micro cycles. The simulated start-stop test was performed in the Cadex laboratories. CCA remains high and only shows a decline after about 2,000 cycles. 90013 90005 90015 90016 90017 90018 90002 90005 90021 90022 90017 90018 90002 90003 Figure 1: Capacity-drop of a starter battery in start-stop configuration. 90004 The capacity drops to about 50 percent after 2 years of use.AGM battery is more robust. 90005 90002 90030 Courtesy of Cadex 2010 90031 90005 90021 90022 90035 90036 90002 90005 90039 90016 90017 90018 90003 Test method: 90004 90021 90018 The battery was fully charged and then discharged to 70% to resemble SoC of a micro hybrid in real life. The battery was then discharged at 25A for 40 seconds to simulate the engine off with the headlights on. To simulate cranking and driving, the battery was briefly discharged at 400A and then recharged.CCA was taken with the Spectro CA-12. 90021 90022 90035 90036 90002 90013 When connected in series, the voltage of each cell must be uniform, and this is especially important in large stationary battery systems. With time, individual cells fall out of line but applying an equalizing charge every 6 months or so should bring the cells back to similar voltage levels. (See BU-404: Equalizing Charge) What makes this service so difficult is providing the right remedy to each cell. While equalizing will boost the needy cells, the healthy cell gets stressed if the equalizing charge is applied carelessly.Gel and AGM batteries have lower overcharge acceptance than the flooded version and different equalizing conditions apply. 90005 90002 Flooded lead acid batteries are one of the most reliable systems and are well suited for hot climates. With good maintenance these batteries last up to 20 years. The disadvantages are the need for watering and good ventilation. 90005 90002 When VRLA was introduced in the 1980s, manufacturers claimed similar life expectancy to the flooded systems, and the telecom industry was enticed to switch to these maintenance-free batteries.By mid-1990 it became apparent that the life of VRLA did not live up to the flooded type; the typical service life of the VRLA is 5-10 years, less than half of the flooded equivalent. It was furthermore noticed that exposing VRLA batteries to temperatures above 40 ° C (104 ° F) could cause a thermal runaway due to dry-out. 90005 90002 90005 90060 North American Automotive Battery Failures 90061 90002 The 2005 failure-mode study was carried out by Douglas, East Penn., Exide Technologies and Johnson Controls.The sample battery pool included 2681 batteries tested between 2003 and 2004. The highlights include: 90005 90064 90065 Battery life on average was 50 months. This is an improvement from earlier years that only had 41 months (2000) and 34 months (1962). Improved materials are prolonging battery life. 90066 90065 Northern and southern areas in North America deliver different life spans. Batteries in warmer climates die sooner than in cooler regions. See Figure 2. 90066 90065 Shorted cells and grid failures are the leading causes of battery failures in this survey.90066 90071 90002 90073 90005.90000 A new concept could make more environmentally friendly batteries possible — ScienceDaily 90001 90002 A new concept for an aluminium battery has twice the energy density as previous versions, is made of abundant materials, and could lead to reduced production costs and environmental impact. The idea has potential for large scale applications, including storage of solar and wind energy. Researchers from Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, and the National Institute of Chemistry, Slovenia, are behind the idea.90003 90002 Using aluminium battery technology could offer several advantages, including a high theoretical energy density, and the fact that there already exists an established industry for its manufacturing and recycling. Compared with today’s lithium-ion batteries, the researchers ‘new concept could result in markedly lower production costs. 90003 90002 «The material costs and environmental impacts that we envisage from our new concept are much lower than what we see today, making them feasible for large scale usage, such as solar cell parks, or storage of wind energy, for example,» says Patrik Johansson, Professor at the Department of Physics at Chalmers.90003 90002 «Additionally, our new battery concept has twice the energy density compared with the aluminium batteries that are ‘state of the art’ today.» 90003 90002 Previous designs for aluminium batteries have used the aluminium as the anode (the negative electrode) — and graphite as the cathode (the positive electrode). But graphite provides too low an energy content to create battery cells with enough performance to be useful. 90003 90002 But in the new concept, presented by Patrik Johansson and Chalmers, together with a research group in Ljubljana led by Robert Dominko, the graphite has been replaced by an organic, nanostructured cathode, made of the carbon-based molecule anthraquinone.90003 90002 The anthraquinone cathode has been extensively developed by Jan Bitenc, previously a guest researcher at Chalmers from the group at the National Institute of Chemistry in Slovenia. 90003 90002 The advantage of this organic molecule in the cathode material is that it enables storage of positive charge-carriers from the electrolyte, the solution in which ions move between the electrodes, which make possible higher energy density in the battery. 90003 90002 «Because the new cathode material makes it possible to use a more appropriate charge-carrier, the batteries can make better usage of aluminium’s potential.Now, we are continuing the work by looking for an even better electrolyte. The current version contains chlorine — we want to get rid of that, «says Chalmers researcher Niklas Lindahl, who studies the internal mechanisms which govern energy storage. 90003 90002 So far, there are no commercially available aluminium batteries, and even in the research world they are relatively new. The question is if aluminium batteries could eventually replace lithium-ion batteries. 90003 90002 «Of course, we hope that they can.But above all, they can be complementary, ensuring that lithium-ion batteries are only used where strictly necessary. So far, aluminium batteries are only half as energy dense as lithium-ion batteries, but our long-term goal is to achieve the same energy density. There remains work to do with the electrolyte, and with developing better charging mechanisms, but aluminium is in principle a significantly better charge carrier than lithium, since it is multivalent — which means every ion ‘compensates’ for several electrons.Furthermore, the batteries have the potential to be significantly less environmentally harmful, «says Patrik Johansson. 90003 90002 90025 Story Source: 90026 90003 90002 Materials provided by 90025 Chalmers University of Technology 90026. Original written by Joshua Worth and Mia Halleröd Palmgren. 90031 Note: Content may be edited for style and length. 90032 90003 .90000 Why does Sodium-sulfur need to be heated — Battery University 90001 90002 90003 Learn about the battery that only operates when heated 90004 90005 90002 Sodium-sulfur batteries, also known as sodium beta-alumina battery (NBB), molten salt or high temperature ceramic batteries, come in secondary versions only. The battery is characterized by a ceramic solid electrolyte and liquid electrodes: sodium in the anode and sulfur at the cathode. High conductivity is obtained by heating the stack to a temperature of 270-360 ° C (518-680 ° F).90005 90002 Electrodes are solid are room temperature and therefore inactive when cold and the battery can be stored for more than 50 years in that state. The battery must be activated with a heat source and the electrodes become liquid. Good ionic conductivity of the molten salt facilitates high power and long life. 90005 90002 The rechargeable sodium-sulfur (NaS) gained worldwide attention during the 1970s and 1980s. Today this battery is successfully deployed in many applications, mainly to distribute supplementary energy during high usage periods or to provide renewable energy when necessary.90011 90005 90013 90014 90015 90016 The Molten Sodium Ceramic battery comes in two chemistries: NaS and ZEBRA. ZEBRA originally stood for Zeolite Battery Research Africa but is now known as Zero Emission Battery Research Activities. Both batteries are based on similar technologies with these characteristics: 90011 90018 90019 The electrolyte is a solid beta-alumina ceramic 90020 90019 The anode is composed of pure sodium 90020 90019 The ions are Na + travelling through the beta-alumina 90020 90019 Battery performances are optimal around 300 ° C.90020 90027 The NaS battery is different in that the cathode is sulfur; ZEBRA is sodium-metal halide, which is commonly nickel chloride NiCl2. A secondary liquid electrolyte improves the performances of ZEBRA batteries, generally molten sodium tetrachloroaluminate NaAlCl4. 90011 90029 90016 90002 90005 90002 Figure 1: Molten Sodium Ceramic battery 90011 90035 Source: NaS Energy Storage System 90036 90005 90029 90039 90040 90041 90002 90011 The cathode material governs the cell voltages: NaS has a nominal voltage of 2V; ZEBRA delivers 2.58V. The specific energy is 200-250Wh / kg, a level that is comparable with Li-ion. Manufacturers of modern NaS batteries claim a cycle life of 4,500 and a life time of 15-20 years. The C-rate loading is relatively low between 1/4 and 1/8 (0.12 to 0.25C). NaS and ZEBRA batteries can be fast charged, are non-toxic and the raw materials are abundant and low-cost. These batteries come in sizes of 10kWh or higher; typical applications of ZEBRA are forklifts, railways, ships, submarines and electric cars.NaS batteries typical come in 200kWh modules that allow stacking. 90005 90002 In 1967 Ford Motors fitted a car with the Molten Sodium Ceramic battery. The Think City car was available with a ZEBRA or a Li-ion battery. Molten Sodium Ceramic batteries have an advantage over regular batteries when operating in a hot climate and when the battery is in continuous use, such as in taxis and delivery vans. However, the main application is in load leveling, also known as grid storage and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS).90005 90002 In 1989, NGK in Japan added a thin Beta Alumina ceramic electrolyte membrane between the molten materials. The ceramic membrane only allows positively charged sodium ions to pass through during discharge from the negative molten sodium to the positive molten sulfur. Charging reverses the process. In 2002 NGK went into production with a commercial NaS stationary battery for grid support of renewable energy. Figure 2 illustrates such an installation. 90005 90002 90011 Figure 2: NGK developed large grid-scale sodium sulfur (NaS) batteries around the world.NaS represents about 3% of the total electrochemical grid storage. 90011 90035 Source: NGK 90036 90005 90002 90011 The Molten Sodium Ceramic battery must be heated to 270-350 ° C (518-662 ° F). Even with special insulation that minimizes heat loss, heating consumes 14 percent of the battery’s energy per day if not used. But with one cycle per day, ohmic losses are enough to maintain the system in operational range, no heating is then necessary. On-the-field experience shows that system’s heating corresponds to about 2% of losses for about 300 cycles per year.A cool down takes 3 to 4 days; depending on SoC, reheating is about 2 days. 90005 90002 Common failures are electrical shorts due to corrosion of the insulators, which then become conductive, as well as growth of dendrites, which increases self-discharge. ZEBRA batteries are safer than sodium-sulfur, and an electrical short does not cause a complete failure of the battery. 90005 90002 According to RWTH, Aachen, Germany (2018), the cost of NaS battery system is about $ 525 per kWh. Fraunhofer IKTS is developing a new ZEBRA battery with a target price of € 100 per kWh for the cells, with material costs below $ 30 per kWh.The NaS battery has a favorable cost of ownership for power durations of 4 to 8 hours and longer at full capacity. Li-ion, the strong contender, is wining market on 1h to 2h of discharge. Lead acid batteries are normally used for standby operations that require minimal cycling. 90005 90002 90011 Last updated 2018-12-13 90011 90005 90066 *** Please Read Regarding Comments *** 90067 90002 Comments are intended for «commenting,» an open discussion amongst site visitors. Battery University monitors the comments and understands the importance of expressing perspectives and opinions in a shared forum.However, all communication must b 90005.